M
MEGAGENRE. A
large, all encompassing, umbrella genre, having no distinct subject matter
or style or iconography or formulae. The megagenres of the movies might
be thought of as non-fiction (documentary) film, fiction film, animated
film, and experimental/underground film.
MINDSCREEN. Bruce
Kawin's term for that cinematic narrative technique in which an individual's
thought-world become visible on screen. In My Left Foot, for example,
Christy Brown's nurse reads his autobiography, and as she reads, the events
of the book are enacted.
MISE
EN SCÉNE. All those aspects of a movie that
pertain to arrangement of an image in a frame.
MOGUL. A
major, powerful figure in a major studio during the studio era.
MONTAGE. The
rapid juxtaposition of images, cutting from one to another to create an
effect. Eisenstein beleived it to be the essence of film art.
MOTIF. An
element--incident, device, reference, formula--which recurs frequently
in a work or works.
MULTIPLE
EXPOSURE. Special effect in which more than one frame
of film is exposed at the same time.
MYTHOLOGY. For Barthes, investigation into the acquired connotative meanings of cultural
signs in order to divest them of their acquired, taken-for-granted meanings.
For example, television, though an object of wonder at the beginning of
its history, is now a commonplace; its significance now so caught up in
the culture's semiotic system that it is difficult to describe or explain.
A mythology of TV would seek to decode it, to make its connotations again
fresh and visible.
N
NARRATEE. The
specified or unspecified person to whom a narrator is supposedly speaking.
May include "the live studio audience" before which a television show was
filmed, the perfect listener (the host of a talk show, the anchorman/women
to whom reporters tell their tale), or the "laugh track" which represents
the audience's idealized response.
NARRATION. When
an off-screen, extra-diegetic voice speaks to us in a movie.
NARRATIVE. The
fancy word for story telling.
NARRATOLOGY. The
systematic multi-media study of narrative--of storytelling and its techniques.
NEO-REALISM. A
post-WW II movement in Italian fillmaking, lead by directors DiSica, Rossellini,
and Fellini and the writer Zavattini, which sought to tell stories about
the ordinary lives of ordinary people, often using non-actors.
NEW
WAVE (NOUVELLE VAGUE). A late1950s/early 1960s
movement in French filmmaking led by directors like Godard, Truffaut, Chabrol,
and Resnais that placed new emphasis on the creative role of the director
and made frequent use of on location filming, innovative editing, handheld
camerawork.
NICKELODEON. An
early (1905-1915) American movie "theatre."
NON-FICTION
FILM. Another, perhaps better, name for documentary.
NONSYNCHRONOUS
SOUND. Sound that does not have a visible source in
the film's diegesis.
NOVELIZATION. Turning
a movie screenplay into a novel. The reverse of adaptation as normally
conceived.
O
ON
LOCATION. Filming in real locales, often using ambient
light and sound, instead of in a studio.
ONE
HUNDRED EIGHTY DEGREE RULE. The unwritten rule in
editing that warns against showing a character from opposite camera positions
in subsequent images.
P
PAN. A
slow movement of the camera on an axis from left to right or right to left.
PASTICHE. Describes
a work of art made up almost entirely of assembled bits and pieces from
other works. (According to Frederic Jamieson, the characteristic form of
expression in POSTMODERNISM.)
PERSISTENCE
OF VISION. The ability (disability?) of the mind that
holds an image on the retina when it is no longer present to the eye. Its
existence makes movies possible.
PHOTOGENIC. Although
it now means tending to photograph well, it originally meant the magical
power of photographic images.
PLOT. The
main incidents of a NARRATIVE; the outline of situations and events thought
of as distinct from the characters involved in them or the themes illustrated
by them.
POINT
OF VIEW. The perceptual or conceptual position in
terms of which the narrated situations and events are presented.
POINT-OF-VIEW
SHOT. A shot in which the action as seen from the
general perspective of a character.
POST-SYNCHRONIZATION.
Adding
sound after filming.
POSTMODERNISM. A
cultural style or sensibility, a response to and evolution from modernism,
which exhibits--indeed embraces--disunity, superficiality, SELF-REFERENTIALITY,
INTERTEXTUALITY, parody, pastiche, recombination, irony, indifference,
discontinuity, disrespect, alienation, meaninglessness.
PRODUCER. The
individual/s responsible for the money side of filmmaking. May
manifest itself in various forms, including "executive producer," "producer,"
etc.
PRODUCTION
VALUES. Refers to the quality (or lack thereof)
of the visuals, sound, special effects, etc. of a movie--all those things
that are dependent on technology, expertise, and money.
PROP. Any
object--from a gun to a hat to breakable window--needed on a set in a given
shot or scene.
R
READER-RESPONSE
CRITICISM. A school of criticism which argues that
the reader/viewer is as responsible for the construction of a text as the
author.
REALISM. Any
approach to art which holds that art's function is to "hold a mirror up
to" the actual world.
REAR-SCREEN
PROJECTION. A special effect in which projected images
become part of the visual field of a frame (as when we see a road disappearing
behind a "moving"
car when the car and its occupants are actually sitting stationary on the
set.
REMAKE.
Using a film made before as the inspiration for a "new" film.
REVERSE
ANGLE SHOT. A shot that shows the action from position
exactly the reverse of the previous shot.
REVERSE
MOTION. Projecting film backwards; results in
actions "unhappening."
ROUGH
CUT. An unfinished, unpolished editing together of
film footage that merelyapproximates the finished film.
S
SCENE. A
discernible segment of narrative usually defined by a specific locale.
SCREENPLAY. The
literary text of a film to be shot, including dialogue, shot breakdown,
stage directions, etc.
SCREWBALL
COMEDY. A 1930s American movie genre, distinguished
by its clever dialogue and strong heroines.
SELECTIVE
FOCUS. When different planes of focal depth come in
and out of focus selectively. Also called rack focus.
SELF-REFERENTIALITY.
The
tendency of a work of art to become self-conscious, to call attention to
itself--its conventions, structure, signification--as part of its own discourse.
SEMIOTICS. The
systematic study of signs and their significance.
SEQUEL. A
movie that continues the story of another movie.
SEQUENCE. A
discernible segment of narrative containing scenes and marking an identifiable
dramatic part of the overall story.
SHOOTING
RATIO. The ratio of exposed film to amount of film
actually used in a final cut.
SIGNIFIED. The
immaterial aspect of a sign; that which the SIGNIFIER represents. May be
approached only through the SIGNIFIERS of any given TEXT.
SIGNIFIER. The
material aspect--an image, an object, a sound--of a sign. Signifiers tend
to take on meaning through opposition to other possible alternative signifiers
(i.e., woman/horse) not represented in a given SYNTAGM. According to Saussure,
the relationship of the signifier to SIGFNIFIED in language is entirely
arbitrary.
SLAPSTICK. Physical,
visual comedy.
SLOW
MOTION. Shooting at a faster than normal rate of speed
so that, when projected, the images will appear slower than in reality.
STORY. 1)
What happens to whom in a NARRATIVE, distinct from DISCOURSE; 2) a perceived
narrative which implies a general kind of pointedness or teleology, producing
in the listener/viewer expectations about patterning and content (Scholes).
SUBGENRE.
An identifiable subclass, having its own distinctive subject matter, formulae,
style, and iconography, of some clearly defined larger film genre.
SUBJECTIVE
CAMERA. A POINT OF VIEW shot in which the camera seems
to become the eyes of a character.
SUBTEXT. An
underlying, emergent theme in a work or works.
SUBTITLE. Visible
words on the screen translating the words being spoken on the soundtrack.
SWISH
PAN. A very rapid left to right or right to left movement
of the camera on a fixed axis.
SYNCHRONOUS
SOUND. Sound which seems to have a source in the images
pon screen and in the film's diegesis.
SYNTAGM/SYNTAGMATIC. When
the significance of a shot "depends not on the shot compared with other
potential shots [PARADIGMATIC], but rather on the shot compared with actual
shots that precede or follow it . . ." (Monaco). Describes "what follows
what" (Monaco). A unit of actual rather than potential relationship. An
"ordering of signs, a rule-governed combination of signs in sequence" (Seiter).
The "dimension . . . along which the MESSAGE unfolds" (Guzzetti).
T
TAKE. That
which is captured on film in one run of the camera.
TARGET
AUDIENCE. The demographic group a studio and its marketers
presume will show up for a certain film.
TELEPHOTO
LENS. A special lens that enables images shot from
afar to appear as up close.
TEXT. Any
division of DISCOURSE--a poem, a painting, an advertisement, a music video,
a film or all the films of Sam Peckinpah.
TILT. Movement
of the camera up and down on a fixed axis.
TIME-LAPSE
PHOTOGRAPHY. A cinematic technique, similar in principle
to animation, in which the exposure of "individual frames of film at pre-determined
intervals" results in a "compressed visual record of events occurring over
long periods of time" when these frames are later projected at normal speed
(Katz 1135).
TITLE. Any
words (credits, subtitles, etc.) on screen but not part of the image proper.
TRACKING
SHOT. A moving camera shot in which the camera (hand-held,
on a dolly, etc.) follows along with the action.
TWO
SHOT. A shot capable of capturing two individuals
talking at least from the waist up.
U
UNDERGROUND/EXPERIMENTAL
FILM. Non-theatrical, independent, "art" film, usually
of an avant-garde nature.
V
VOICE-OVER. When
the voice of one of the characters speaks over the narrative on the sound-track,
helping to tell the story.
W
WIDE-ANGLE
LENS. A special lens capable of capturing a wider
than normal perspective on the horizontal plane.
WIPE. An
editing technique in which a horizonal or vertical line or curtain wipes
an image off the screen, usually replacing it with a subsequent image which
follows behind the line.
XYZ
ZOOM. Using
a special (zoom) lens in order to move, seemingly from a great distance,
rapidly into or out of an image. |