Geneva School critics:
-
take
all of the elements of an author's verbal presence--his/her imagery and
ideas, personae, sense of narrative, metaphoric language--as means of personal
development, attempts to achieve, on the behalf of the self, "ontological
integrity" (Lawall 198).
-
seek
to discover what Poulet has called the "point of departure"--that "act
from which each imaginary universe opens out" (Miller, "The Geneva School,"
478 and "The Literary Criticism of Georges Poulet," 481)--which lies at
the heart of every word an author wrote.
-
try
to isolate the "unit passages"--those recurrent obsessions of an author's
work which serve as the fundamental landmarks of an author's "interior
distance" (Miller, Charles Dickens, ix), Poulet's name for the inner
space of consciousness, populated by the objects of an author's world,
within whose "vacancy" the author draws close to, or feels separated from,
the world as it is "redisposed" there (see Poulet, The Interior Distance;
Miller, "The Geneva School," 478).
-
seek
to bring to light "the original unity of a creative mind" (Miller, Charles
Dickens, ix) by following, through the mediation of an author's "art/science,"
the "metamorphoses of a circle," the expansions and contractions of the
self as it seeks to find its orientation in the exterior world [see Poulet,
The
Metamorphoses of the Circle; Miller, "The Literary Criticism of Georges
Poulet," 483-84]) of his/her mind.
-
concern
themselves with the whole of an author's work, believing that "all works
of a single writer form a unity, a unity in which a thousand paths radiate
from the same center" (Miller, Charles Dickens ix), seeking throughout
to find that center, the discovery and articulation of which they consider
to be an activity higher than both formal analysis and biography.
-
slight
the "how" of an author's art, not due to any lack of appreciation of the
texture of his/her writing, but because they are engaged in a "criticism
of consciousness," not textual analysis or deconstruction.
-
aspire
to be non-judgmental and not engage in critical debate over an author's
strengths or weaknesses as a stylist.
-
believe
that the "intimacy" which criticism requires "is not possible unless the
thought of the critic becomes the thought of the author criticized,
unless it succeeds in re-feeling, in re-thinking, in re-imagining the author's
thought from the inside" (Miller, "The Geneva School," 468-69), aspiring
toward what J. Hillis Miller terms "coincidence" between the mind of the
critic and the author studied.
-
would
agree with J. Hillis Miller that "every significant critical study"--even
a new book on Shakespeare, or one on Dickens--brings by emphasis and discovery
a new author into the world ("An Exercise" 284). This is true, as Miller
elsewhere observes, because the imaginal universe of a great artist is
virtually infinite and capable of engendering more and more readings of
its structures and meanings.
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Geneva
School Bibliography
Lawall, Sarah N. Critics of Consciousness.
Cambridge: Harvard University, 1968.
Miller, J. Hillis. "The Antitheses of Criticism:
Reflections on the Yale Colloquium." Modern Language Notes LXXXI
(1966), 557-571.
___. Charles Dickens: The World of His
Novels. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.
___. The Disappearance of God: Five Nineteenth-Century
Writers Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.
___. "Geneva or Paris? The Recent Work of
Georges Poulet," University of Toronto Quarterly 39 (1970). 212-228.
___. "The Geneva School: The Criticism of
Marcel Raymond, Albert Beguin, Georges Poulet, Jean Rousset, Jean-Pierre
Richard, and Jean Starobinski," The Critical Quarterly VIII (1966).
302-321; also in The Virginia Quarterly Review XLIII (Summer 1967).
465-88; and in Modern French Criticism. Ed. J. K. Simon. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1972. 277-310.
___. "Georges Poulet's 'Criticism of Identification,'"
The
Quest for Imagination. Ed. O.B. Hardison, Jr. Cleveland: The Press
of Case Western Reserve University, 1971. 191-224.
___. "The Literary Criticism of Georges Poulet,"
Modern
Language Notes LXXVIII (1963), 471-488; also in The Quest for Imagination.
Ed.
O. B. Hardison, Jr. Cleveland: The Press of Case Western Reserve University,
1971. 191-205.
___. "Literature and Religion," Relations
of Literary Study: Essays on Interdisciplinary Contributions. Ed. James
Thorpe. New York: MLA, 1967. 111-126; also in Religion and Modern Literature:
Essays in Theory and Criticism. Ed. G. B. Tennyson and Edward E. Ericson,
Jr. William B. Eardmans Publishing Company, 1975. 31-45.
___. "An Exercise in Discrimination." Yale
Review 59 (1969): xxx.
___. The Poets of Reality. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1965.
___. Thomas Hardy: Distance and Desire (Harvard
University Press, 1970).
___. "Williams' Spring and All and the Progress
of Poetry," Daedalus, 99 (1970), 405-434.
Poulet, Georges. The Interior Distance.
Trans. Elliott Coleman. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964.
___. "The Dream of Descartes." Studies
in Human Time. Trans. Elliott Coleman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1956.
___. The Metamorphoses of the Circle.
Trans. Carley Darwson and Elliott Coleman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1967.
___. "The Phenomenology
of Reading." Critical Theory Since Plato. Ed. Hazard Adams.
New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1971: 1213-22.
___. Studies in Human Time. Trans.
Eliott Coleman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1956. |